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Between 1860 and 1868, the life and work of Charles Darwin from ''Orchids'' to ''Variation'' continued with research and experimentation on evolution, carrying out tedious work to provide evidence of the extent of natural variation enabling artificial selection. He was repeatedly held up by his illness, and continued to find relaxation and interest in the study of plants. His studies of insect pollination led to publication of his book ''Fertilisation of Orchids'' as his first detailed demonstration of the power of natural selection, explaining the complex ecological relationships and making testable predictions. As his health declined, he lay on his sickbed in a room filled with inventive experiments to trace the movements of climbing plants. Darwinism became a movement covering a wide range of evolutionary ideas. In 1863 Lyell's ''Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man'' popularised prehistory, though his caution on evolution disappointed Darwin. Weeks later Huxley's ''Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature'' showed that anatomically, humans are apes, then ''The Naturalist on the River Amazons'' by Henry Walter Bates provided empirical evidence of natural selection. Lobbying brought Darwin Britain's highest scientific honour, the Royal Society's Copley Medal, awarded on 3 November 1864.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 4652 – Falconer, Hugh to Darwin, C. R., 3 Nov (1864) )〕 That day, Huxley held the first meeting of what became the influential ''X Club'' devoted to "science, pure and free, untrammelled by religious dogmas".〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 4807 – Hooker, J. D. to Darwin, C. R., (7–8 Apr 1865) )〕 Admiring visitors included Ernst Haeckel, a zealous follower of ''Darwinismus'' in a translation favouring progressive evolution over natural selection.〔(Darwin Correspondence Project: Introduction to the Correspondence of Charles Darwin, Volume 14. ) Cambridge University Press. Retrieved on 28 November 2008〕 Wallace remained supportive, though he increasingly turned to Spiritualism.〔.〕 The first part of Darwin's planned "big book", ''The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication'', grew to two huge volumes, forcing him to leave out human evolution and sexual selection. It sold briskly in 1868 despite its size, and was translated into many languages. Darwin's work on the ''Descent of Man'' and ''Emotions'' followed after this publication. ==Background == Darwin's ideas developed rapidly from the return in 1836 of the Voyage of the Beagle. By December 1838 he had developed the principles of his theory, but was conscious of the need to answer all likely objections before publishing. While he continued with research, he had an immense amount of work in hand analysing and publishing findings from the Beagle expedition, and was repeatedly delayed by illness. Natural history at that time was dominated by clerical naturalists, whose income came from the Established Church of England, and who saw their science as revealing God's plan. Darwin found two close allies: the young botanist Joseph Dalton Hooker and the ambitious naturalist Thomas Huxley who lacked the family wealth or contacts to find a career and joined a progressive group looking to make science a profession, freed from the clerics. Darwin's correspondent Wallace arrived independently at his own version of the theory, which brought an early announcement of the theory and the publication of ''On the Origin of Species through Natural Selection'' in 1859. This brought a storm of argument. Many naturalists attacked what they saw as an assault on established beliefs about the natural world, and perhaps the ideological foundations of the British social order, while liberal theologians and a new generation of scientists welcomed the theory. Charles Lyell and Hooker, as well as Asa Gray in America, gave support despite difficulty in coming to terms with natural selection and man's descent from animals. Huxley's interest in aggressively attacking the scientific establishment earned him the moniker "Darwin's bulldog" in a ferocious dispute with the leading anatomist Richard Owen as to whether the anatomy of brain structure was consistent with humans and apes having shared ancestry. The campaign was devastatingly successful for the Darwinian cause and brought new recruits. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Darwin from Orchids to Variation」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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